and one of them manumits his share, that portion is freed. If the partner who carried out the manumission is solvent, the other partner has three options: he may free his own share as well, demand from his fellow the value of that share, or oblige the slave to work until he has earned and paid off that value. If the liberating partner is insolvent, the remaining partner may either emancipate his own share or require the slave to work for it. This is the position of Abu Hanifah. Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, however, say that when the liberating partner is solvent the only course is to claim the value, and when he is insolvent the only course is to compel the slave to earn it.

If two men buy a boy and one of them is in fact the boy’s father, the father’s portion is automatically free and he owes no compensation. The same rule applies if they inherit him: the co-owner may either free his own share or make the slave work to redeem it.

Should each of the two partners testify on behalf of the other that the slave is free, the whole slave is emancipated and must work to pay each partner his share, whether they are solvent or insolvent—according to Abu Hanifah. Abu Yusuf and Muhammad hold that if both are solvent the slave need not work; if both are insolvent he must work for both; and if one is solvent while the other is insolvent, he works only for the solvent partner.

Whoever frees his slave “for the sake of Allah,” or “for Satan,” or “for an idol,” the emancipation nonetheless takes effect.

Manumission pronounced under duress or while intoxicated is valid.

If emancipation is linked to future ownership or made conditional upon some event, it is valid, just as a conditional divorce is valid.

When a slave escapes from enemy territory to us as a Muslim, he becomes free.

If a man frees a pregnant bondwoman, her unborn child is freed with her; and if he frees only the unborn child, the child is free while the mother remains a slave.

If a master sets his slave free in exchange for a sum of money and the slave accepts, the slave is freed and the money becomes a debt upon him. Likewise, if he says, “If you pay me one thousand, you are free,” the formula is valid and the slave is thereby authorised to earn. When he brings the money, the judge compels the master to accept it and the slave is emancipated.

The child born of a bondwoman by her master is free; her child by her husband is the property of her master; and the child of a freewoman by a slave is free.