has no capacity to reason; nor is it permissible to emancipate a mudabbir (a slave whose manumission is deferred until the owner’s death), an umm walad (a bond-woman who has borne her master a child), or a mukatab who has already paid part of the price agreed upon.
If, however, he frees a mukatab who has not yet paid anything, the expiation is discharged.
Should he purchase his own father or son, intending by that purchase to fulfill the expiation, it suffices for him.
If he owns only one-half of a jointly owned slave and sets that half free as expiation, pledging himself to pay the value of the other half and then freeing it, the expiation is not valid according to Abū Ḥanīfah.
But if he frees one-half of a slave who is entirely his, and thereafter emancipates the remaining half for the same expiation, it is valid.
If he emancipates half of his own slave for the expiation, then has intercourse with the wife over whom he pronounced ẓihār, and afterwards frees the remainder, it does not suffice according to Abū Ḥanīfah.
When the man who pronounced ẓihār finds no slave he can emancipate, his expiation is to fast two consecutive months that do not include the month of Ramaḍān, the Day of Fiṭr, the Day of Naḥr, or the Days of Tashrīq.
If, during those two months, he has intercourse with the wife from whom he made ẓihār—whether deliberately at night or inadvertently by day—he must begin the fast anew, according to Abū Ḥanīfah and Muḥammad [ibn al-Ḥasan].
Likewise, if he breaks the fast for a single day, whether with or without a valid excuse, he must start over.
If the one who uttered ẓihār is himself a slave, nothing will discharge his expiation but fasting; a manumission undertaken by his master on his behalf, or feeding the poor on his behalf, does not avail him.
If the man who uttered ẓihār is unable to fast, he must feed sixty poor persons, giving each one half a sāʿ of wheat or a full sāʿ of dates or barley, or their equivalent in value.
If he gathers them and offers them a morning and an evening meal, it is acceptable, no matter how little or how much they eat.
If he supports the same poor person for sixty separate days, it suffices; but if he gives that person the entire amount in a single day, it counts only for that day.
Should he approach the wife over whom he made ẓihār while the feeding is still in progress, he need not start over.
If two expiations for ẓihār become obligatory upon a man and he emancipates two slaves without assigning either emancipation to a specific expiation, both expiations are discharged.
The same ruling applies if he fasts four consecutive months or feeds one hundred and twenty poor persons.
If, however, he emancipates only one slave, or fasts only two months, he may allocate that single act to whichever of the two expiations he prefers.