or strikes it into dinars or dirhams, or fashions it into vessels, the original owner’s title, according to Abu Ḥanīfah, does not lapse.

If someone seizes a plank and incorporates it into a building, the former owner’s title is extinguished and the usurper must pay its value.

Whoever usurps a tract of land and then plants trees or erects buildings on it is ordered to uproot the plantings and demolish the structures, returning the land vacant. If removing them would damage the land, the owner may instead elect to pay the usurper the value of the buildings and trees as uprooted, in which case they become his property.

Should a person seize a garment and dye it red, or take flour and mix it with clarified butter, the owner is given a choice: he may either (a) hold the usurper liable for the value of the garment in its original white state together with an equivalent amount of flour, leaving the dyed garment or the mixture with the usurper, or (b) take the dyed garment and the mixture for himself and make the usurper liable only for the added value of the dye and the butter.

If a man seizes an article, conceals it, and the owner exacts its value, ownership passes to the usurper. The usurper’s sworn statement determines the item’s value unless the owner produces evidence of a higher amount. Should the item later reappear and be worth more than the sum already fixed—and that sum was set on the owner’s word, on his proof, or on the usurper’s refusal to swear—the owner has no further option. But if the amount was fixed on the usurper’s own sworn valuation, the owner may either let the compensation stand or reclaim the item and return the money.

The offspring of a usurped animal, any subsequent increase, and the fruit of a usurped orchard are held by the usurper merely as a trust; if they perish, he is not liable unless he acts wrongfully with them or refuses to hand them over when the owner demands them.

Any diminution in the value of a female slave caused by childbirth is guaranteed by the usurper. If the value of the child fully covers that loss, the owner may accept the child in satisfaction of the deficiency, thereby releasing the usurper from liability. The usurper is not liable for the usufruct of what he has seized unless the object itself is diminished through use, in which case he must pay for the loss in value.

If a Muslim destroys the wine or pig belonging to a dhimmī, he must pay its value; if he destroys the same when it belongs to another Muslim, he incurs no liability.