or the gift passes out of the donee’s estate.
If a person gives a gift to a relative who is within the prohibited degrees of marriage, he may not retract it.
The same rule applies to any gift exchanged between the two spouses: neither may revoke what he or she has given the other.
Should the donee say to the donor, “Take this as compensation, as a substitute, or in exchange for your gift,” and the donor then takes possession of that compensation, the right of revocation is extinguished. The same happens if a third party, acting voluntarily on the donee’s behalf, provides the compensation and the donor receives it—the donor can no longer rescind the gift.
If half of the gifted property is successfully claimed by someone else, the donor may recover half of the compensation. Conversely, if half of the compensation is successfully claimed, the donor may not recover any part of the gift unless he returns what remains of the compensation, after which he may take the gift back.
Revocation is effective only with the consent of both parties or by a judicial ruling.
When the gifted item has perished and is later claimed by its rightful owner, who then holds the donee liable for its value, the donee has no recourse against the donor.
If a gift is made on condition of compensation, each side must take possession of what the other is to receive. Once that has happened, the contract is valid and takes on the rulings of a sale: it may be returned on account of a defect, is subject to the option of inspection, and the right of pre-emption applies.
An ʿumrā (life-estate gift) is valid for the lifetime of the beneficiary and, after his death, for his heirs.
A ruqbā grant is invalid according to Abu Ḥanīfa and Muhammad, while Abu Yūsuf deems it valid.
If someone gives away a slave-girl “except for her unborn child,” the gift stands but the exception is void.
Charity (ṣadaqa) follows the same rules as a gift: it is not effected without possession being taken, and it is not valid with respect to an undivided share that can be partitioned. If he gives a single item in charity to two poor people, it is permissible. Once the charitable item has been received, it may not be revoked.
Whoever vows to give his wealth in charity is bound to fulfil that vow.