and fulūs (copper coins) that are in current circulation; it is not permissible to establish the partnership with anything else, unless people customarily trade with it—such as tibr (unminted gold) or nuqra (unminted silver)—in which case the partnership is valid. If the two parties wish to form the partnership with merchandise, each sells half of what he owns to the other in exchange for half of the latter’s property, after which they conclude the partnership.
As for the ʿinān partnership: it is founded on mutual agency but not on mutual guaranty. A difference in the amount of capital is allowed, and it is also permissible for the capitals to be equal while the profit shares differ.
Either partner may contribute only part of his wealth, and the ʿinān partnership is valid only with the same forms of capital that render the mufāwaḍah partnership valid.
They may also enter into partnership where one side provides dirhams and the other dinars. Whatever either of them buys for the partnership, that purchaser alone is asked to pay for it, after which he recovers from his colleague the latter’s share of the price.
If the partnership fund—or either partner’s contribution—perishes before they have bought anything, the partnership is annulled. But if one of them purchases goods with his own capital and the other’s capital is lost before any purchase, the goods belong to them both according to the terms they set, and the purchaser then claims from his partner the latter’s share of the cost.
The partnership remains valid even if they do not physically mix the two capitals. It is invalid, however, if they stipulate that one of them receive a specified number of dirhams from the profit.
Each participant in a mufāwaḍah or an ʿinān partnership may entrust the capital to a trader, invest it under a muḍārabah arrangement, or appoint an agent to transact with it, and his hand over the capital is that of a trustee.
In the partnership of craftsmen (ṣanāʾiʿ) two tailors, two dyers, and the like may agree to accept work jointly and divide the earnings between them; this is permissible, and any job accepted by either of them becomes binding upon both.
If one of them does less work than the other, the earnings are still divided equally.
As for the partnership of reputation (wujūh), two men without capital may join together, agreeing to buy and sell on the strength of their credit. Such a partnership is valid, and each of them is the agent of the other with respect to what he purchases. If they stipulate that the goods purchased belong to them in equal halves, then the profit