All of these are Kharijites, blatant sinners, (1) opposed to the Sunnah, (2) outside the fold of the Muslim community, people of innovation and misguidance, (3) and they are highway robbers—we know them to be so.
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The Shuʿūbiyyah: they are people of innovation (4) and deviation, and they claim (5) that Arabs and mawali (non-Arab clients) are equal in their eyes. They grant the Arabs no right, recognize no merit for them, and feel no affection toward them; rather, they detest the Arabs and harbor rancor, envy, and hatred for them in their hearts. (6) This is a vile assertion, devised by a man from Iraq, (7) followed by only a few individuals, (8) and he was killed for holding it.
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The advocates of raʾy (speculative opinion): they are astray innovators, enemies of the Sunnah (9) and the transmitted reports; they maintain