= It is said that Najda al-Haruri came down from the mountains of Oman, killed children, enslaved women, shed blood indiscriminately, and declared people’s honor and property lawful. He pronounced both the early and later Muslims unbelievers, upheld the doctrines of walaʾ and baraʾ (loyalty to the righteous and disavowal of the wicked), and maintained that human ability (istitaʿa) exists only in conjunction with the act itself. See: al-Milal wa-l-nihal, 1/121; Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, pp. 59-63, 81; al-Tanbih wa-l-radd, p. 52. (1) ʿAbd Allah b. Ibad al-Tamimi, eponym of the Ibadiyya among the Khawarij, led a large faction. According to some reports he later abandoned his innovation, so his followers disowned him, although their name remained linked to him; Lisān al-mīzān, 3/248. He emerged in the Umayyad period. The Ibadis are still found today, chiefly in Oman and parts of the Maghreb. Unlike the other Khawarij, they hold that a Muslim who commits a major sin incurs kufr al-niʿma (ingratitude for God’s favor) rather than kufr al-milla (outright apostasy). See al-Milal, 1/134; al-Farqu bayna al-firaq, p. 97. I say: Many Ibadis claim that their origins go back to Jabir b. Zayd Abu al-Shaʿthaʾ al-Azdi and that he is the true imam of their school; see Bakir b. Saʿid ʿAwshat, Dirasat islamiyya fi al-usul al-Ibadiyya, p. 16; ʿAli Yahya Muʿammar, al-Ibadiyya madhhab islamiyy muʿtadil, pp. 9–10. This is pure fabrication against the distinguished Successor Jabir b. Zayd: Ibn Abi Hatim reports in al-Jarh wa-l-taʿdil, 2/494, with his chain from ʿIzra, who said, “I entered upon Jabir b. Zayd and said, ‘These people—the Ibadis—claim affiliation with you.’ He replied, ‘I repudiate that before Allah, Mighty and Exalted.’” (2) Imam Harb al-Karmani traces the Sufriyya to Dawud b. al-Nuʿman, whereas al-Shahrastani, al-Baghdadi, and al-Ashʿari trace them to Ziyad b. al-Asfar. In general their doctrine resembles that of the Azariqa in that…