…and other unfounded beliefs. They were not called the Rafida (Rejecters) until the Shiʿa of Iraq asked Zayd b. ʿAli b. al-Husayn b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib—may Allah be pleased with him—to repudiate Abu Bakr and ʿUmar; when he refused, some people abandoned him. He said, “You have rejected me (rafadhtumuni),” and from then on they were known as Rafida. The Rafida later split into four branches: the Zaydiyya, the Imamiyya, the Kaysaniyya, and the Ghulat (extremists); each of these in turn divided into many additional sects. See Ibn Taymiyya, Minhaj al-Sunnah, 2/96; al-Baghdadi, al-Farq bayna al-Firaq, p. 15; al-Ashʿari, Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, p. 19; al-Saksaki, al-Burhan, p. 36. (1) From MS. Ṭ. (2) In MS. Ṭ: “the Companions of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him.” (3) In MS. Ṭ: “and they declare the four Imams—ʿAli, ʿAmmar, al-Miqdad, and Salman—to be unbelievers.” The editor remarks that the phrase is incoherent in all copies; the likely correct reading is: “They excommunicate the Imams and the Companions except for four: ʿAli…”. (4) Omitted in MS. Ṭ. (5) The Mansuriyya: named after Abu Mansur al-ʿAjli, who claimed that the imamate remained in the descendants of ʿAli—may Allah be pleased with him—until it reached him. He further alleged that Allah, exalted be He, raised him to Himself, that he was a prophet and messenger, and that Allah had taken him as a friend. This sect denied the Resurrection, Paradise, and Hell, interpreting Paradise as worldly pleasures and Hell as people’s tribulations in this life. They made lawful relations with women, even incest, and deemed carrion, blood, pork, wine, gambling, and other prohibited things permissible. Their turmoil continued until Yusuf b. ʿUmar al-Thaqafi intervened, exposing their abuses in Iraq during his tenure.