= 327); al-Tamhid by Ibn Abd al-Barr (9/205, 252); Tartib al-Madarik wa-Taqrib al-Masalik by al-Qadi Iyad (2/43); Majmu al-Fatawa by Shaykh al-Islam (7/331); and Ziyadat al-Iman wa-Nuqsanuhu by Dr. Abd al-Razzaq al-Badr (pp. 296–301). The same applies to Imam Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak. Although he is famous for saying that iman varies in rank, there are also explicit reports from him stating that it increases and decreases. Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Najjad relates in Al-Radd ala man Yaqul al-Quran Makhluq (p. 54): “Ahmad told us; Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal narrated to us; Ahmad ibn Shabwayh Abu Abd al-Rahman told me; I heard Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Shaqiq say: I heard Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak declare, ‘Iman is word and deed; it increases and decreases.’” Ishaq ibn Rahawayh records in his Musnad (3/172): “Muhammad ibn A‘yan informed us: Ibn al-Mubarak was asked about iman and replied, ‘Some people claim that our iman is like that of Jibril and Mika-il. Does it not increase? Does it not decrease? Is it exactly the same? Jibril may at times become like a collapsed heap out of fear of Allah.’ He mentioned similar examples.” (1) In manuscript ḥ: “and the angels.” (2) In manuscript ṭ: “like the iman of Jibril, Mika-il, and the angels.” (3) Omitted in manuscripts ṭ and ḥ.