16
662—He also said: “I judge only according to what I hear.”1
663—Whoever claims property or the like must produce evidence consisting of:
a—either two upright witnesses;
b—or one man and two women2;
c—or one man together with the claimant’s oath.
This is based on the words of Allah Most High: “Call upon two of your men as witnesses. If two men are unavailable, then one man and two women from among those whom you approve as witnesses.” Al-Baqarah: 282.
“The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—rendered judgment on the testimony of one witness together with an oath.” This is an authentic hadith3.
1. Narrated by al-Bukhārī (13/157) and Muslim (1713). The shaykh said: “A judge may not rule on the basis of his personal knowledge, except in matters acknowledged by one of the litigants or established before him during the judicial hearing.” *Nūr al-Basāir*, p. 61.
2. The shaykh stated in *al-Mukhtārāt al-Jaliyya* (p. 127): “Many of the early scholars preferred the view that the testimony of two women is equivalent to that of one man in every matter, including retributive punishment, marriage, divorce, lineage, and prescribed penalties… This is the view required by the evidence and its underlying rationale…”
3. Narrated by Muslim (1712).
٦٦٢- وقال: "إنما أقضي بنحو ما أسمع"١.
٦٦٣- فمن اِدَّعَى مَالاً وَنَحْوَهُ فَعَلَيْهِ اَلْبَيِّنَةُ:
أ- إِمَّا شَاهِدَانِ عَدْلَانِ،
ب- أَوْ رَجُلٌ وَاِمْرَأَتَانِ٢،
جـ- أَوْ رَجُلٌ وَيَمِينُ اَلْمُدَّعِي؛
لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَاسْتَشْهِدُوا شَهِيدَيْنِ مِنْ رِجَالِكُمْ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُونَا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَامْرَأَتَانِ مِمَّنْ تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ الشُّهَدَاءِ﴾ اَلْبَقَرَة: ٢٨٢.
"وَقَدْ قَضَى اَلنَّبِيُّ ﷺ بالشاهد مع اليمين" وهو حديث صحيح٣.
١ البخاري "١٥٧/١٣"، ومسلم "١٧١٣". قال الشيخ: ولا يحكم بعلمه إلا في الأمور التي يقر بها أحد الخصمين، أو تبين له في مجلس حكمه. نور البصائر ص ٦١".
٢ قال الشيخ "في المختارات الجلية ص ١٢٧": رجح كثير من السلف: أن شهادة المرأتين تقوم مقام شهادة الرجل في كل شيئ، حتى في القصاص والنكاح والطلاق والنسب والحدود ... وهذا القول هو الذي يقتضيه الدليل والتعليل ...
٣ أخرجه مسلم "١٧١٢".