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CHAPTER ON THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION
424—It is a person’s right to take his co-owner’s share from the possession of whoever acquired it through a sale or the like.
425—This right applies exclusively to undivided real property1, based on the hadith of Jābir, may Allah be pleased with him: “The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, decreed the right of pre-emption in everything that had not been divided. Once the boundaries have been fixed and the roads delineated, there is no right of pre-emption.” Agreed upon2.
426—It is not lawful to resort to subterfuge in order to defeat this right3.
(1) Scholars unanimously agree that the right of pre-emption applies to real property capable of compulsory partition—“that is, expansive real property.” They differed regarding a small house or shop of limited area that is not subject to compulsory partition. Ibn Taymiyya, al-Saʿdī, and the Saudi Council of Senior Scholars adopted the view that the right of pre-emption applies to such properties. This is based on the general scope of the reports affirming pre-emption; the reported statement of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, “A co-owner has the right of pre-emption in everything”; and the fact that pre-emption is established to remove the harm of co-ownership, which is greater in this type of property.
Shaykh al-Saʿdī also held that the right of pre-emption does not lapse upon the death of the person entitled to exercise it and that his heirs take his place. *Al-Mukhtārāt al-Jaliyya*, p. 94.
(2) Recorded by al-Bukhārī (4/436) and Muslim (no. 1608).
(3) The shaykh held that the right of pre-emption, like other rights, does not lapse unless something indicates =
بَابُ الشُّفْعَةِ
٤٢٤- وَهِيَ: اِسْتِحْقَاقُ اَلْإِنْسَانِ اِنْتِزَاعَ حِصَّةِ شَرِيكِهِ مِنْ يَدِ مَنْ اِنْتَقَلَتْ إِلَيْهِ بِبَيْعٍ ونحوه.
٤٢٥- وَهِيَ خَاصَّةٌ فِي اَلْعَقَارِ اَلَّذِي لَمْ يُقَسَّمْ١؛ لِحَدِيثِ جَابِرٍ ﵁: "قَضَى اَلنَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِالشُّفْعَةِ فِي كُلِّ مَا لَمْ يُقَسَّمْ، فَإِذَا وَقَعَتِ اَلْحُدُودُ وَصُرِّفَتْ اَلطُّرُقُ فَلَا شُفْعَةَ" مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ٢.
٤٢٦- وَلَا يَحِلُّ التحيل لإسقاطها٣.
١ أجمع العلماء على ثبوت الشفعة في العقارات التي تقسم قسمة إجبار، "وهو العقار الواسع"، واختلفوا في الدار الصغيرة والحانوت مما مساحته قليلة، ولا تجب قسمته قسمة إجبار، وقد اختار القول بثبوت الشفعة فيها: ابن تيمية والسعدي وهيئة كبار العلماء بالسعودية؛ لعموم الأخبار في ثبوت الشفعة، ولما روي من قوله ﷺ: "الشريك شفيع في كل شيء"، ولأن الشفعة تثبت لإزالة ضرر الشراكة، وهي في هذا النوع من العقار أكثر ضررًا.
وقد قرر الشيخ السعدي أن الشفعة لا تسقط بموت من له أخذها، وأن ورثته يقومون مقامه. "المختارات الجلية، ص: ٩٤"
٢ أخرجه البخارى "٤٣٦/٤"، ومسلم "١٦٠٨".
٣ قرر الشيخ أن حق الشفعة كغيره من الحقوق، لا يسقط إلا بما يدل =