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by customary understanding1.
380—Agency may be undertaken for a fee2 or gratuitously.
381—An agent is like all other trustees: they incur no liability unless they transgress or are negligent.
382—Their statement that neither occurred is accepted upon oath.
383—If a trustee claims to have returned the entrusted property:
If he was acting for a fee, his claim is accepted only with evidence;
but if he was acting gratuitously, his statement is accepted upon his oath.
[PARTNERSHIP]:
384—The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Allah Most High says: ‘I am the third of two partners so long as neither betrays the other. If one betrays the other, I depart from their midst.’” Narrated by Abū Dāwūd3.
(1) The Sheikh established that an agency is not terminated until the agent learns of his dismissal, and that any transaction he conducts before learning of it remains valid and effective. He also established that an agent may be authorized in every matter, minor or major, or to purchase whatever he wishes, since there is no evidence prohibiting this. He further stated that if the principal says, “Collect what Zayd owes me,” the agent may collect it from Zayd’s heir, provided it is evident that the principal intends to recover his right regardless of whom it is collected from. *Al-Mukhtārāt*, p. 87.
(2) *Ju‘l* (fee) and *ji‘ālah* (reward contract) will be explained in paragraph 398.
(3) Narrated by Abū Dāwūd (3383), al-Dāraqutnī (303), al-Hākim (5/52), who graded it authentic, and al-Bayhaqī (6/78). Al-Mundhirī endorsed this grading in *al-Targhīb* (3/31), =
عرفًا١.
٣٨٠- ويجوز اَلتَّوْكِيلُ بِجُعْل٢ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ.
٣٨١- وَهُوَ كَسَائِرِ اَلْأُمَنَاءِ، لَا ضَمَانَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِلَّا بِالتَّعَدِّي أَوِ التَّفْرِيطِ.
٣٨٢- وَيُقْبَلُ قَوْلُهُمْ فِي عَدَمِ ذَلِكَ بِالْيَمِينِ.
٣٨٣- وَمَنِ اِدَّعَى اَلرَّدَّ مِنْ اَلْأُمَنَاءِ:
فَإِنْ كَانَ بِجُعْلٍ، لَمْ يُقْبَلْ إِلَّا بِبَيِّنَةٍ،
وَإِنْ كَانَ مُتَبَرِّعًا، قُبِلَ قَوْلُهُ بِيَمِينِهِ.
[اَلشَّرِكَةُ] :
٣٨٤- وَقَالَ ﷺ: "يَقُولُ اَللَّهُ تَعَالَى: أَنَا ثَالِثُ اَلشَّرِيكَيْنِ مَا لَمْ يَخُنْ أَحَدُهُمَا صَاحِبَهُ، فَإِذَا خَانَهُ خَرَجْتُ مِنْ بَيْنِهِمَا" رَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ٣.
١ قرر الشيخ أن الوكالة لا تنفسخ إلا بعد علم الوكيل بعزله، وأن تصرفه قبل علمه نافذ صحيح، كما قرر أنه يجوز توكيله في كل قليل وكثير، أو شراء ما شاء؛ لعدم الدليل المانع، وقرر أنه إن قال: اقبض حقي من زيد، أنه يقبضه من وارثه، إن ظهر من مراده أنه يريد استحصال حقه بقطع النظر عمن يقبض منه. "المختارات، ص: ٨٧".
٢ الْجُعْل والْجِعَالة: سيأتي بيانها في فقرة "٣٩٨".
٣ رواه أبو داود "٣٣٨٣"، والدارقطني "٣٠٣"، والحاكم "٥٢/٥" وصححه، والبيهقي "٧٨/٦"، وأقره المنذري في الترغيب "٣١/٣"، =