Manhaj al-Salikin wa Tawdih al-Fiqh fi al-Din - Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi’ - (154)

Chapter: Legal Restriction Due to Insolvency or Other Causes1

359—Anyone to whom a debt is owed must grant respite to a debtor in financial difficulty.

360—He should also make matters easy for a solvent debtor.

361—Anyone who owes a debt must discharge it in full, in both amount and specifications.

362—The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said: “A wealthy debtor’s delay in payment is an injustice; and if a person’s claim is transferred to someone solvent, he should accept the transfer.” Agreed upon2. This is part of making matters easy.

363—A solvent person is one who is able to pay, does not delay payment, and can be brought before the court.

364—If a person’s debts exceed his assets, and all or some of the creditors ask the judge to place him under legal restriction, the judge shall do so and bar him from disposing of any of his property. He shall then liquidate his assets,

(1) *Hajr* (legal interdiction) is the restriction of a person’s authority to dispose of his property. It is of two types: First, interdiction for the benefit of someone other than the person interdicted, such as the interdiction of an insolvent debtor for the benefit of his creditors, or the restriction of a sick person’s disposition of more than one-third of his estate. Second, interdiction for the person’s own benefit, as in the case of someone who is mentally incapacitated, a minor, or a spendthrift. (2) Reported by al-Bukhārī (4/464) and Muslim (1564).

بَابُ الْحَجْرِ لِفَلَسٍ أَوْ غَيرِهِ١ ٣٥٩- وَمَنْ لَهُ الحق فعليه أن ينظر المعسر. ٣٦٠- وينبغي أن ييسر على الموسر. ٣٦١- ومن عليه الحق فعليه الوفاء كاملًا بالقدر والصفات. ٣٦٢- قال ﷺ: "مطل الغني ظلم، وإذا أحيل بدَينه على مليء فليحتل" مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ٢، وَهَذَا مِنْ اَلْمُيَاسَرَةِ. ٣٦٣- فَالْمَلِيءُ: هُوَ اَلْقَادِرُ عَلَى اَلْوَفَاءِ، اَلَّذِي لَيْسَ مُمَاطِلاً، وَيُمْكِنُ تَحْضِيرُهُ لِمَجْلِسِ الْحُكْمِ. ٣٦٤- وَإِذَا كَانَتِ اَلدُّيُونُ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَالِ اَلْإِنْسَانِ، وَطَلَبِ اَلْغُرَمَاءُ أَوْ بَعْضُهُمْ مِنَ اَلْحَاكِمِ أَنْ يَحْجِرَ عَلَيْهِ، حَجَرَ عَلَيْهِ، وَمَنَعَهُ مِنْ اَلتَّصَرُّفِ فِي جَمِيعِ مَالِهِ، ثُمَّ يصفي ماله،

١ الحجر: منع الإنسان من التصرف في ماله، وهو قسمان: الأول: حجر لحظ غير المحجور عليه، كالحجر على مفلس لحق الغرماء، وعلى مريض بما زاد على الثلث. الثاني: حجر لحظ النفس، وهو الحجر على المجنون والصغير والسفيه. ٢ أخرجه البخاري "٤٦٤/٤"، ومسلم "١٥٦٤".