Chapter: Causes of ḥadath (minor ritual impurity)
They are four:
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The discharge of anything from either the front or rear orifice, semen excepted. Even if the normal outlet becomes blocked and an opening is made below the stomach, the emergence of the usual excretion through that new passage breaks ablution; so too does the emergence of something unusual—such as worms—according to the preponderant view. If the opening is above the stomach while the original outlet is sealed, or below it while the original outlet remains open, it does not invalidate ablution on the sounder opinion.
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Loss of intellect, except for sleep while one is seated firmly on one’s buttocks.
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Direct skin-to-skin contact between a man and a woman, other than permanent maḥram relatives, on the stronger view. The person touched is subject to the same ruling as the one who touches, on the preponderant position. Touching a small girl, or merely hair, a tooth, or a nail does not nullify ablution according to the soundest opinion.
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Touching a human front private part with the palm, and—according to Imām al-Shāfiʿī’s later opinion—the same applies to touching the anal ring.