or a pillar, or a staff planted upright, or the spread of his prayer-rug, or even a line drawn before him, in order to repel anyone who tries to pass; and the sounder opinion is that passing in front of him in that state is unlawful.

I say: It is disliked to turn one’s head without need, to lift one’s gaze to the sky, to gather up one’s hair or garment, to place one’s hand over the mouth without necessity, to stand on one foot, to pray while needing to urinate or defecate, or when desirable food is present; likewise to spit in front of oneself or to one’s right, to rest one’s hand on the hip, to lower the head excessively in bowing, and to pray in a bathhouse, in the roadway, at a refuse dump, in a church, at a camel pen, or in a graveyard even if it is ritually pure. Allah knows best.