he produces evidence of her adultery; or she endorses his claim and no child is involved; or she remains silent about demanding the ḥadd; or she becomes insane after his accusation—then, on the sounder opinion, no liʿān is conducted.

If he has already issued an irrevocable divorce or she has died, and he subsequently accuses her of adultery—whether in absolute terms or specifically attributing it to the period after their marriage—he may still resort to liʿān, provided there is a child whose paternity would normally be ascribed to him.

Should he attribute the adultery to a time before the marriage, liʿān is not performed when no child is involved, and, according to the preponderant view, not even when a child exists—although he may raise a fresh accusation and then perform liʿān.

It is invalid to repudiate the paternity of only one of a pair of twins.