is treated like the dog. Impure earth, or earth that is itself defiled, and earth that has been mixed with any liquid are, according to the sounder opinion, insufficient for the prescribed washing.

Any area contaminated by the urine of an infant boy who has not yet consumed anything other than milk is purified by sprinkling (nadh). When something is defiled by an impurity other than these two cases, then if no physical substance (ʿayn) of the impurity remains, it suffices merely to let water flow over it; but if a substance does remain, the taste must be removed. The persistence of a color or of an odor that is difficult to eliminate does not harm, although there is another opinion regarding odor.

I add: If both color and odor remain together, that does compromise the purification according to the correct position—and Allah knows best.

In the dominant view it is the arrival of water that is required, not the wringing out of the object. The more apparent position is that the wash-water which runs off after the place itself has been cleansed, so long as it has undergone no change, is itself pure. Should a liquid become impure, purifying it is then impossible, though some have maintained that oil may be purified by washing.