Chapter on Impurities

Anything that is a liquid intoxicant, a dog, a pig and their offspring, the carcass of any creature other than a human being, a fish, or a locust, as well as blood, pus, vomit, dung, urine, madhī (pre-ejaculatory fluid), wadī (post-urinary discharge), and—according to the stronger view—the semen of non-human beings, is deemed impure.

I say: The sounder opinion is that the semen of every species is pure except that of the dog, the pig, or anything born from either of them, and Allah knows best. The milk of animals whose flesh is not lawful to eat—other than human milk—is likewise pure. A limb severed from a living animal carries the same ruling as its carcass, except for the hair of an animal whose meat is lawful, for such hair is pure. Neither the embryonic blood-clot (ʿalaqa), the chewed lump (muḍgha), nor vaginal moisture is considered impure according to the preponderant opinion.

No substance that is intrinsically impure becomes pure except wine that has turned into vinegar; the same ruling applies if it turns to vinegar after being moved from direct sunlight to shade or the reverse, according to the sound view. If the change to vinegar occurs by introducing another substance, however, it does not become pure.

A hide rendered impure by the animal’s death is purified by tanning—its outer surface and, on the well-known position, its inner surface as well. Tanning means removing residual matter with an astringent agent, not by sun-drying or dusting with earth, and water is not required during the process according to the stronger view. Once tanned, the hide has the same status as a garment that was previously defiled.

Whatever becomes impure through contact with any part of a dog must be washed seven times, one of which with earth; the more reliable opinion specifies earth in particular, and that the pig