—counted identical to Zayd’s own state of ihram. If, however, it proves impossible to ascertain his intention because he has died, the person should regard himself as a qārin—one combining Hajj and ʿumrah—and perform the rites of both.

Section

The pilgrim in ihram must intend the rite and utter the talbiyah. If he pronounces the talbiyah without an inward intention, the ihram does not take effect; should he intend but not vocalize the talbiyah, the ihram is nonetheless valid according to the sounder opinion.

It is recommended to bathe (ghusl) when assuming ihram; if unable, he performs dry ablution (tayammum). A similar bath is encouraged for entering Mecca, for standing at ʿArafah, at Muzdalifah on the morning of the Day of Sacrifice, and during the Days of Tashrīq before each round of stoning.

He should perfume his body for ihram, and—according to the preponderant view—his garment as well. There is no harm in the fragrance remaining after entering ihram, nor in wearing a scent that leaves no physical residue. However, if he removes a perfumed garment and later puts it back on, he is liable for the prescribed expiation, according to the sound view.

A woman is encouraged to apply henna to her hands for ihram. A man, by contrast, removes all tailored clothing, wears an unstitched waist-wrap (izār) and mantle (ridāʾ), both white, together with sandals, and then prays two rakʿahs.

The best moment to enter ihram is when one’s mount sets out; if traveling on foot, when he starts along the road. Another opinion holds that ihram should follow immediately after the two-rakʿah prayer.

Throughout the state of ihram it is recommended to repeat the talbiyah often and raise one’s voice with it—especially when circumstances change, such as mounting, dismounting, ascending, descending, or when caravans intermingle. It is not recommended during the arrival circumambulation (ṭawāf al-qudūm); in the earlier school position it is recommended then, but silently.

The wording of the talbiyah is: Labbayk Allahumma labbayk; labbayk lā sharīka laka labbayk; inn al-ḥamda wa al-niʿmata laka wa-l-mulk, lā sharīka lak (“Here I am, O Allah, here I am; here I am—You have no partner—here I am. Truly, all praise, grace, and sovereignty belong to You; You have no partner”).

When something delights him he says: Labbayk, inn al-ʿaysh ʿaysh al-ākhirah (“Here I am, for the only true life is the life of the Hereafter”). Once he finishes his talbiyah, he sends blessings upon the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—asks Allah for Paradise and His good pleasure, and seeks refuge with Him from the Fire.