As for the first type, it is exemplified by an act of lesser merit being associated with a particular time, place, or action, so that it becomes superior (by virtue of that association). Examples include the periods after Fajr and Asr and similar times in which prayer is prohibited; Quran recitation, remembrance, and supplication are superior at such times. The same applies to places in which prayer is prohibited, such as bathhouses and the places where camels kneel by watering troughs: remembrance and supplication are superior there. Likewise, remembrance is better for a person in a state of major ritual impurity. Thus, when the superior act is disliked because it would entail a harmful consequence, the act of lesser merit is superior in that situation; indeed, it is the prescribed act.

The same applies while bowing and prostrating. It is authentically reported that the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—said: “I was forbidden from reciting the Quran while bowing or prostrating. As for bowing, proclaim the Lord’s greatness therein; and as for prostration, strive earnestly in supplication, for your supplications are more likely to be answered.”1

The scholars unanimously agreed that recitation while bowing or prostrating is disliked. They differed as to whether doing so invalidates the prayer, holding two positions, both of which are reported views in the school of Imam Ahmad. This is out of honor and reverence for the Quran, so that it should not be recited in a posture of humble submission and abasement. The period following the tashahhud is a time for supplication, as prescribed by the Prophet’s practice and command. Supplication at that point is superior; indeed, it is what is prescribed, rather than recitation or remembrance. Likewise, during circumambulation, at Arafah and Muzdalifah, and while casting pebbles at the pillars, remembrance and supplication are what is prescribed.

He—may Allah have mercy on him—then mentioned the second type: when the servant is incapable of performing the superior act. He may be wholly incapable of it, like someone who has not memorized the Quran and is unable to do so, such as the Bedouin who questioned the Prophet—peace and blessings be upon him—or he may be unable to perform it in a manner