This great declaration—“There is no deity worthy of worship except Allah”—has an import that must be understood and a meaning that must be properly grasped. By the consensus of the scholars, merely uttering this declaration without understanding its meaning or acting upon what it entails is of no benefit. Allah, Glorified is He, says:
“Those whom they invoke besides Him have no power of intercession, except those who testify to the truth knowingly.” 1
As the scholars of Quranic exegesis have explained, the verse means: except those who testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah while knowing in their hearts the meaning of what they have uttered with their tongues. Testimony necessarily requires knowledge of that to which one testifies; if given in ignorance, it is not testimony. It also requires truthfulness and action in accordance with it. This makes it clear that this declaration must be accompanied by knowledge, action, and truthfulness. Through knowledge, the servant is saved from the way of the Christians, who act without knowledge; through action, he is saved from the way of the Jews, who possess knowledge but do not act upon it; and through truthfulness, he is saved from the way of the hypocrites, who outwardly profess what they do not inwardly believe. He thereby becomes one of the people of Allah’s straight path—those whom Allah has blessed, not those who have incurred wrath or those who have gone astray.
In sum, the declaration that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah benefits only those who understand its import in both its negation and affirmation, believe in it, and act upon it. Whoever utters it and outwardly acts in accordance with it without inward belief is a hypocrite. Whoever utters it but practices its opposite—polytheism—is a disbeliever. Likewise, whoever utters it but then apostatizes from Islam by denying any of its necessary implications or obligations will not benefit from it, even if he repeats it a thousand times. The same applies to one who utters it while directing forms of worship to other than Allah, such as supplication, sacrifice, vows,