; this is based on the ḥadith, “There is no divorce and no manumission in a state of ighlāq (coercion),” recorded by Aḥmad, Abū Dāwūd, and Ibn Mājah. The term ighlāq means compulsion. Allah also says, “Whoever disbelieves in Allah after having believed—except the one who is compelled while his heart remains firm in faith…” (Q 16:106). Since disbelief is greater than divorce and yet the coerced disbeliever is excused, a coerced divorce is a fortiori invalid. An exception is the husband who has taken an oath of abstention (muʾlī); if the judge rightly compels him to pronounce divorce because he refuses to resume marital relations, the divorce does take effect.

A divorce issued by an angry man who still understands what he is saying is valid, but if anger overtakes him so completely that he is unaware of his words, the divorce is not valid.

Likewise, a divorce uttered in jest counts, for he intentionally spoke the words even though he did not intend their legal consequence. Allah knows best.