al-Moulakhas al-FiqhiSalih Al-Fawzan

they accept Islam. If, at that moment, the wife is lawful for him—there being no sharʿī impediment—we allow them to remain together, for when a new marriage could properly be initiated, the continuation of an existing one is, a fortiori, permissible. Should the wife at the time of litigation or conversion be someone he is not allowed to marry ab initio, we separate them, because what cannot lawfully be begun cannot lawfully be maintained.

If the dowry named while they were still unbelievers was valid, she is entitled to it, for it became binding with the contract and nothing prevents her from collecting it. If, however, it was invalid—such as wine or pork—then, should she already have taken possession of it, it is deemed settled and she may claim nothing further, for she received it under the rule of disbelief and the husband’s liability is thereby discharged. Reopening the matter would impose hardship and repel people from Islam, so it is excused just as other pre-Islamic acts are excused. If she has not yet received the invalid dowry, she is to be given the mahr al-mithl (the customary dowry). If she has received part of the invalid dowry and not the remainder, she is entitled to the corresponding portion of the mahr al-mithl. And if no dowry at all had been named, the mahr al-mithl is likewise fixed for her, since the marriage contract contained no specified dowry.

When both spouses embrace Islam together, pronouncing the testimony of faith at the same time, they remain married, because no difference of religion has arisen between them. If a Muslim husband of a Jewish or Christian woman accepts Islam while she does not, they likewise stay married, for a Muslim is permitted to marry a People-of-the-Book woman in the first place, so continuing the existing marriage is even more fitting.

But if a non-Muslim woman accepts Islam while married to a non-Muslim man before the marriage has been consummated, the union is annulled, in accordance with the verse, “So do not send them back to the disbelievers; they are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful to them” (Q 60:10). In this case she receives none of the dowry, because the separation originated from her side.

إسلامهم، فإن كانت الزوجة تباح في هذا الوقت لعدم الموانع الشرعية؛ أقرا على نكاحهما؛ لأن ابتداء النكاح حينئذ لا مانع منه؛ فلا مانع من استدامته، وإن كانت الزوجة في هذا الوقت الذي ترافعا أو أسلما فيه لا يباح ابتداء العقد له عليها؛ فرق بينهما؛ لأن منع ابتداء العقد يمنع من استدامته، وإن كان المهر الذي سمي لها في حال الكفر صحيحا؛ أخذته؛ لأنه وجب بالعقد، ولا مانع من استيفائها له، وإن كان فاسدًا كالخمر والخنزير فإن كانت قبضته؛ فقد استقر، وليس لها غيره؛ لأنها قبضته بحكم الشرك، فبرئت ذمة من هو عليه منه، ولأن في التعرض له مشقة وتنفير عن الإسلام، فيعفي عنه كما عفي عن غيره من الأعمال الكفرية، إن لم تكن قد قبضت المهر الفاسد؛ فإنه يفرض لها مهر المثل، وإن كانت قد قبضت بعض المهر الفاسد ولم تقبض بقيته؛ فإنه يجب لها قسط الباقي من مهر المثل، وإن لم يسم لها مهر أصلاً؛ فإنه يفرض لها مهر المثل؛ لخلو النكاح من تسمية المهر. وإذا أسلم الزوجان معا بأن تلفظا بالإسلام دفعة واحدة؛ فإنهما يبقيان على نكاحهما؛ لأنه لم يوجد منهما اختلاف دين. وإن أسلم زوج كتابية، ولم تسلم هي؛ بقيا على نكاحهما؛ لأن للمسلم أن يتزوج الكتابية ابتداء؛ فاستدامته لنكاحها من باب أولى. وإن أسلمت كافرة تحت كافر قبل الدخول؛ بطل النكاح؛ لقوله تعالى: ﴿فَلا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ لا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَلا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنّ﴾ ، وليس لها شيء من المهر؛ لمجيء الفرقة من قبلها.

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