—the stronger opinion is that she is not required to make up that prayer whose time had begun but which she was unable to perform before her menstruation or postpartum bleeding commenced.

Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah stated in Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā 23/335 concerning this very issue: “The view that appears strongest in light of the evidence is that of Abū Ḥanīfah and Mālik: she is not obliged to do anything, for making up a prayer is only mandated by a fresh command, and here there is no command obligating her to make it up. Moreover, she had delayed the prayer within a permissible window, so she is not at fault. As for the sleeper or the forgetful person—though he too is not negligent—what he performs is not technically a make-up; rather, the time of the prayer for him begins when he awakes or remembers.” End quote.

Second: Istihādah and its rulings

Istihādah refers to blood that flows irregularly, outside its normal schedule, as a form of hemorrhage from a vein known as the ʿādhil.

The case of a woman experiencing istihādah is problematic because the blood of menstruation can be confused with the blood of istihādah. If blood is issuing continuously or for most of the time, how does she distinguish between what counts as menstruation—and thus excuses her from prayer and fasting—and what counts as istihādah, which does not exempt her and for which she remains subject to the rulings of those in a state of ritual purity?