It is unlawful for a man to take back a woman whom he has divorced three times until she has been married to, and the marriage consummated by, another husband in a valid contract, for Allah the Exalted says, “Divorce may be pronounced twice… but if he divorces her (a third time), she is not lawful for him thereafter until she marries another husband” (Q 2:229–230).

It is likewise forbidden to marry a woman who is in a state of ihram until she has completed her consecration.

In the same way, a man in ihram may neither act as a guardian in marriage, contract a marriage for himself, nor even propose, for the Prophet ﷺ said, “The pilgrim in ihram may neither give someone in marriage, nor contract marriage, nor make a proposal,” narrated by all of the compilers except al-Bukhari.

A non-Muslim man is not permitted to marry a Muslim woman, as Allah says, “Do not give the polytheists your women in marriage until they believe” (Q 2:221).

Nor may a Muslim man marry a non-Muslim woman, for Allah says, “Do not marry polytheistic women until they believe” (Q 2:221), and He also says, “Hold not to the marriage bonds of disbelieving women” (Q 60:10). The only exception is a free, chaste woman from the People of the Book, for Allah says, “Chaste women from among the believers and chaste women from among those who were given the Scripture before you are lawful for you” (Q 5:5). This verse specifies and limits the general import of the two earlier verses that forbid Muslim men to marry unbelieving women, and there is unanimous agreement among the scholars on this point.