Many possibilities pull in different directions: the child may live or die, there may be more than one or only one, and it may be male or female. These varied scenarios undeniably affect both its share and the shares of the other heirs. For that reason the jurists disagreed over how large a portion of the estate should be held back for the unborn child, and they expressed three views:
First view: No fixed number can be set for the fetus, because no one knows how many embryos a woman might be carrying. Instead, each heir who would inherit alongside the unborn child is examined. Whoever inherits in some scenarios but not others, or whose portion is indeterminate—such as an ʿāṣib (agnatic heir)—is given nothing at this stage. Whoever inherits under all scenarios but with differing amounts is given the lesser figure. Whoever’s portion remains unchanged in every scenario is paid in full. Whatever is left after these considerations is withheld until the fetus’s reality becomes known.
Second view: The fetus is treated with the most favorable assumption and the co-heirs with the least favorable. Accordingly, a sum equal to the larger of the shares due to two males or two females is reserved for the unborn child, and each heir receives only the amount that is certainly his. When the child is born and its status clarified, it takes from the reserved sum the share that is rightfully its own; any surplus is returned to the heirs if the reserved amount exceeded its entitlement, it takes the whole sum if it matches, and if the reserved amount is insufficient it recovers the deficit from the heirs.
Third view: An amount equal to the share of one son or one daughter—whichever is larger—is set aside, because customarily a woman does not bear more than one child in a single pregnancy, and legal rulings are based on what is usual. The judge then requires the heirs to provide a guarantor for anything above that single share, since the unborn child cannot safeguard its own interests and the judge must protect them.
The preponderant view is the one that exercises the greatest caution, namely the second, for twins in a single pregnancy are fairly common whereas more than two is rare, and securing a guarantor as in the third view may be impossible, and even if