If the impurity is something other than that of a dog or a pig—such as urine, excrement, blood, and the like—it must be washed with water while rubbing and wringing until it disappears, leaving no trace of substance or color.

Articles that have to be washed fall into three categories:

1. Items that can be wrung out, like cloth; these must indeed be wrung.
2. Items that cannot be wrung out but can be turned over, such as leather; these must be turned over during washing.
3. Items that can be neither wrung out nor turned over; these must be beaten and compressed by placing something heavy on them until most of the water inside is forced out.

If the exact place of impurity is unknown on one’s body, on a garment, or on a small area—such as a compact prayer spot—one must wash every part where the impurity might be until he is certain it has disappeared. If he cannot determine which side the impurity is on, he must wash the entire thing.

To purify the urine of a young boy who has not yet begun eating solid food, it suffices to sprinkle water over the spot. This is based on the hadith of Umm Qays: she brought her little son, who had not yet eaten food, to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He seated the child on his lap, and the boy urinated on his garment. The Prophet then called for water and sprinkled it over the area without washing it (agreed upon).

If, however, the child eats food out of appetite and choice, his urine is treated like that of an adult, and likewise