The second category: exclusion occasioned by specific persons.
It consists either in barring a particular heir completely—this is called total exclusion (ḥajb al-ḥirmān)—or in reducing him from a larger share to a smaller one—this is called partial exclusion (ḥajb al-nuqṣān). In both forms the cause is the presence of another person who has a stronger claim, hence the name “exclusion by persons.” It occurs in seven situations: four that arise from crowding and three that arise from a shift from one fixed share to another. They are:

1. A transfer from one prescribed share to a smaller prescribed share, such as the husband’s dropping from one-half to one-quarter.
2. A transfer from one agnatic entitlement to a lesser agnatic entitlement, exemplified by the paternal sister’s moving from being an agnate together with others (ʿaṣaba maʿa al-ghayr) to being an agnate by virtue of others (ʿaṣaba bil-ghayr).
3. A transfer from a prescribed share to a smaller agnatic entitlement, as when female heirs entitled to one-half become agnates by virtue of others.
4. A transfer from agnatic succession to a smaller prescribed share, such as the father or grandfather moving from inheritance by taʿṣīb to inheritance by a fixed share.
5. Crowding within a prescribed share, for example several wives sharing the quarter or the eighth.
6. Crowding within agnatic succession, as when several agnates compete for the estate or for what remains after the fixed shares.
7. Crowding caused by ʿawl (proportionate reduction): when the fixed-share heirs gather in an estate subject to ʿawl, each receives his share in diminished proportion.