upon the remaining partners as well. Hence, each partner can be held liable for the tasks his associate has undertaken, for that is precisely what their agreement entails.

A partnership of labor (sharikat al-abdān) remains valid even when the partners practice different trades—a tailor with a blacksmith, and so on. Each partner is entitled to claim the wage for any job accepted by himself or by his colleague, and the client who hired one of them may pay the fee to whichever partner he wishes, for the money is jointly owned.

This type of partnership is also permissible for acquiring ownerless resources: cutting firewood, gathering wild fruits from the mountains, or extracting minerals.

If one of the partners falls ill, the earnings realized by the other are still shared between them. Saʿd, ʿAmmār, and Ibn Masʿūd entered into such a partnership; Saʿd returned with two captives while the other two brought back nothing, yet the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) treated all three as equal partners.

Should the healthy partner require the sick one to appoint a substitute to work in his stead, the latter is obliged to do so, for they both entered the contract on the understanding that they would work. When one partner becomes unable to perform the labor himself, he must provide someone to act on his behalf in order to fulfil the contract. If, after being asked, the incapacitated partner refuses to appoint a replacement, the other partner has the right to dissolve the partnership.

Likewise, if the owners of pack animals or vehicles form a partnership to transport goods for hire and agree to share whatever income they earn, the arrangement is valid because it is a form of lawful earning. It is also permissible to hand over an animal or a vehicle to someone who will work with it, and whatever profit is generated