his elbows, and in another report he “washed his arms until he began on the upper arm,” which proves that the elbows must be included in what is washed.

3. Wiping the entire head, ears included, for Allah the Exalted says, “and wipe over your heads” (Qur’an 5:6). The Prophet ﷺ said, “The ears are part of the head,” related by Ibn Mājah, al-Dāraqutnī, and others. Therefore, wiping only part of the head does not suffice.

4. Washing the feet together with the ankles, because Allah says, “and your feet up to the ankles” (Qur’an 5:6). Here the preposition “ilā” (“up to”) carries the sense of “together with,” as shown by the prophetic reports describing ablution, all of which indicate that the ankles are included in the washing.

5. Observing the prescribed order: first the face, then the hands, then wiping the head, and finally washing the feet. Allah the Exalted states, “O you who believe, when you rise to pray, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and wipe over your heads, and your feet up to the ankles” (Qur’an 5:6). The Prophet ﷺ followed this sequence in his ablution and said, “This is the ablution; Allah does not accept the prayer without it,” reported by Abū Dāwūd and others.

6. Continuity (al-muwālāt): that the washing of the aforementioned limbs