- Partition by mutual consent
This type of partition must be approved by all partners and is not valid without their express agreement. It concerns property that cannot be divided except with some harm— even if only to one of the partners— or with one partner compensating another. Typical cases include small houses, cramped shops, or plots of land whose portions differ because buildings or trees stand on parts of them, or because one portion is more desirable than the rest.
Accordingly, such jointly owned property may be divided only with the partners’ consent, for the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: la darar wa la dirar (no harm and no reciprocating harm). Reported by Ahmad and others, this hadith in its general wording shows that property that cannot be divided without harm may not be partitioned except by mutual agreement.
This kind of partition takes the same legal ruling as a sale: a defective share may be returned, it is subject to the option maintained while the parties are still in the session (khiyār al-majlis), to stipulated options, and the like. A partner who refuses this partition cannot be compelled; however, if one partner calls for the common property to be sold, the reluctant partner is forced to comply. Should he continue to refuse, the judge sells it on their behalf and distributes the price between them in proportion to their shares.
The benchmark of the harm that bars this partition is a drop in the property’s market value caused by the division, whether or not the partners can benefit from it once divided. The mere fact that they would not make use of the property after division is not, by itself, considered harm.
- Partition by judicial compulsion
This pertains to property whose division causes no harm and requires no compensation. It is so called because, once its conditions are satisfied, the judge compels the partner who is unwilling. Examples include a village, an orchard, a large house, a spacious tract of land, roomy shops, and divisible commodities of a single kind that are measured by volume or weight.