that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. Bearing witness that none has the right to be worshipped but Him necessarily entails devoting all acts of worship exclusively to Him. The heart, therefore, must not deify anyone besides Him—whether through love, fear, hope, veneration, reverence, desire, or dread. Rather, the whole of religion must belong to Allah alone, as the Exalted says:
“Fight them until there is no more persecution and all religion belongs entirely to Allah.” (al-Anfāl 8:39)
If some portion of one’s religion is directed to Allah and another portion to someone else, that is a form of shirk in proportion to that misdirection. The religion is only complete—as stated in the ḥadīth reported by al-Tirmidhī and others—when
“Whoever loves for Allah’s sake, hates for Allah’s sake, gives for Allah’s sake, and withholds for Allah’s sake has perfected faith.”
Thus, believers love for Allah, whereas the polytheists love alongside Him, as He, Most High, says:
“There are people who take rivals to Allah, loving them as they should love Allah; but those who believe are stronger in their love for Allah.” (al-Baqarah 2:165)
The testimony that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah therefore requires affirming as true everything he has conveyed,