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As for al-Masjid al-Aqṣā, it is one of the three mosques for which a special journey may be undertaken. When the Muslims conquered Jerusalem in the caliphate of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb—after ʿUmar himself arrived and the Christians surrendered the city to him—he entered the site and found upon the Rock a huge heap of refuse that the Christians had thrown there in defiance of the Jews, who venerate the Rock and pray toward it. ʿUmar gathered some of the rubbish into his own cloak, and the Muslims followed his example.
It is also reported that he employed the Nabateans to clear it completely, and once it was purified he said to Kaʿb al-Aḥbār, “Where do you think I should build the Muslims’ place of prayer?” Kaʿb replied, “Build it behind the Rock.” ʿUmar said: