Moreover, the very spot in the Prophet’s City where the Messenger of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—regularly prayed was never touched or kissed by any of the early generations, nor were the places where he prayed in Mecca or elsewhere. If the ground that his blessed feet actually trod and upon which he prayed has not been legislated for his community to wipe or kiss, then how much less so the sites where it is merely claimed that someone other than he prayed or lay down?
And if this is not prescribed for the place of his feet during prayer, what of his sandal, which carried those feet in walking and the like? This would apply only if the sandal itself were proven authentic; what, then, of objects whose authenticity is unknown, or of those known to be fabricated—such as the many stones that charlatans shape with a footprint and present to the uninformed as the Prophet’s footprint, peace and blessings be upon him?
If such practices are not sanctioned for the place of his own feet, nor for the feet of Abraham, the Close Friend, whose authenticity is beyond doubt—and we have nonetheless been commanded to take that spot as a place of prayer—then how can they be sanctioned for what is falsely and slanderously claimed to be his footprint, like the mark on the Rock in Jerusalem and other purported stations?
Should someone argue, “Allah has commanded us to take the Station of Abraham as a place of prayer, so other sites may be analogously included,” the answer is: This ruling is specific to the Station of Abraham in Mecca, whether one means the stone beside the Kaʿbah on which Abraham stood, or the sacred precincts of ʿArafāt, Muzdalifah, and Minā. There is no dispute among Muslims that these sacred landmarks have been singled out for acts of worship in ways no other places share, just as the House has been singled out for circumambulation. What those sites have been uniquely endowed with cannot be extended by analogy to other locations, and whatever has not been legislated for them is even less likely to be legislated elsewhere. We have already shown that what