that the act in question may itself contain a benefit for the servant—or a harm—even though, were it detached from the intention to imitate or to differ, no such benefit or harm would be found in it. For this reason we profit simply by following the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the earliest believers in deeds which, had they not performed them first, might have held no particular advantage for us. Such following produces love for them, unites our hearts with theirs, and prompts us to emulate them in other matters as well, along with many additional benefits.
Likewise, we may incur harm by imitating the unbelievers in actions which, had they not been the ones to do them, would not have harmed us. At times the command to conform or to differ is issued because the very deed in which one conforms or differs carries benefit or harm even if they had never done it; yet the Lawgiver phrases the ruling in terms of conformity and divergence as a way of pointing this out and making it clear. Thus, resembling them becomes an indicator of harm, while differing from them becomes an indicator of benefit.
When conformity and divergence are regarded in this latter sense, the ruling is based on qiyās al-dalālah (analogy by indication); in the former sense it is based on qiyās al-ʿillah (analogy by effective cause). Both considerations may coexist—that is, the wisdom that arises from the very act itself