With regard to the religion of Islam and the developments that have occurred within it, our object here is not to enumerate every incident that has arisen in the community—incidents that resemble the path of those who have drawn divine anger or those who have gone astray—although some of these matters may be forgiven their doer, whether on account of a mistaken but sincere ijtihād, or because good deeds have wiped out bad ones, or for some other reason.
Rather, the purpose is to show the servant’s pressing need and utter dependence on the guidance of the Straight Path, and to open a gateway to recognizing deviation.
Now, the Straight Path consists of inward realities lodged in the heart—beliefs, intentions, and the like—and outward matters: words and deeds that may be acts of worship or may simply be everyday practices concerning food and dress, marriage and dwelling, meeting and parting, travelling and residing, riding mounts, and so forth.
These inward and outward matters are interrelated and mutually influential: whatever feeling or state takes root in the heart necessarily produces outward manifestations, and whatever outward actions one performs engender corresponding feelings and states within the heart.
[On the command to differ from those who have incurred wrath and those who are astray in outward conduct]
Allah sent Muhammad—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—with wisdom, namely his Sunnah, the divinely ordained law and path. Part of that wisdom is that Allah legislated for him words and deeds that stand in clear contrast to the way of those who have incurred wrath and those who are astray, and he therefore commanded us to differ from them in outward conduct—