levy the newly-invented tolls (1), resort to oppressive punishments, or surround themselves with guards drawn from slaves and those reduced to bondage—just as the Rightly Guided Caliphs, ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and a number of other governors in various provinces did not.
Likewise the scholars: were they to uphold the Book of Allah, grasp the clear proofs it contains—which constitute Allah’s evidences—and take hold of its guidance, namely beneficial knowledge and righteous action; and were they to establish the wisdom with which Allah sent His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him—that is, his Sunnah (2)—they would discover therein such varieties of useful knowledge as encompass what ordinary people know. They would then (3) be able to distinguish the one who is in the right from the one who is in the wrong among all mankind, thus fulfilling the testimony (4) that Allah has conferred upon this community, for He, the Mighty and Majestic, says:
“Thus We have made you a balanced nation so that you may be witnesses over mankind” (al-Baqarah 2:143). (5)
By means of this they would have no need for the corrupt arguments invented by innovators—the speculative theologians (6) who claim to defend the fundamentals of the religion with them, nor the faulty opinions advanced by the analogists (7)(8) who allege that they complete the branches (9) of the religion. Whatever proof is genuinely sound and whatever opinion truly upright already has its root in the Book of Allah.