and in the outward symbols and prescribed rites of the religion—such as newly invented festivals, the innovations that people practice around graves, mausoleums, and shrines, and the novel prayers like the Prayer of Desires (Ṣalāt al-Raghāʾib) and the one-thousand-unit prayer, as well as invented fasts such as fasting on the first Thursday of Rajab. All of these and similar practices that people adopt as acts of worship, or that come to be regarded as religious hallmarks, have one basic rule: nothing of them is lawful unless Allah has legislated it.
As for worldly customs, the default ruling is permissibility, except for what Allah has expressly forbidden.
• The doctrine that every innovation in the religion is a prohibited misguidance is unanimously affirmed by the Companions and the righteous predecessors. Innovations only began to spread after the three virtuous generations, when the Rāfiḍites and the Qarmaṭians gained power and the various deviant Ṣūfī orders proliferated.
• The fact that some people—even the majority—in Muslim lands tolerate certain innovations, practice them, see some scholars remain silent about them, others perform them, and still others invite to them, is never a proof that these innovations are good, acceptable, or pleasing to Allah. The only agreed-upon proofs are the Book of Allah, the Sunnah of His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), the practice of the rightly guided Caliphs, and scholarly consensus—and all of these foundational sources invalidate innovations. Actions or statements that come from some Muslims, or even most of them—no matter how learned they may be—are, by unanimous agreement, not evidence.
• Some people argue that certain innovations are praiseworthy on the basis of ʿUmar’s (may Allah be pleased with him) remark about the congregational night prayers in Ramaḍān: “What an excellent innovation this is!” They say that he instituted the practice and that the Companions approved it. The author replies that the Tarāwīḥ prayer already has a basis in the Sunnah: the Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) performed it, the Companions prayed behind him, and he discontinued it only for fear that it might become obligatory. Once revelation had ceased and the possibility of it being made obligatory had vanished, it remained a recommended practice.
Furthermore, ʿUmar’s statement can never be used to counter the statement of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him and his family):