Reasons for the Arabs’ Pre-eminence
The cause of this distinction—and Allah knows best—lies in what they have been uniquely endowed with in their intellects, their speech, their character, and their deeds.
Excellence is attained either through beneficial knowledge or through righteous action.
Knowledge has a point of origin and a point of completion. Its origin is the strength of intellect—understanding and memory; its completion is the strength of speech—clarity and eloquence. In all of this the Arabs surpass other peoples: they comprehend more quickly, retain more accurately, and possess a greater power of eloquence and expression. Their language is the most complete of tongues in conveying and differentiating meanings, whether by combining or by distinguishing. When a speaker wishes to gather many meanings, he can do so in a few words; when he wishes to differentiate between two similar things, he employs another concise, distinctive term. One sees this, for example, in their vocabulary for the genus “animal”: they have inclusive terms for what is common to all animals, and then specific names for every aspect of each species—its sounds, its offspring, its dwellings, its young, and so forth. Such are the unique qualities of the Arabic tongue, about which no doubt can be entertained.
As for action, its foundation is character, the innate dispositions implanted in the soul. Their dispositions are more inclined toward goodness than those of others; they are nearer to generosity, forbearance, courage, loyalty, and the rest of the praiseworthy traits. Yet before Islam they were like fertile soil ready for good but devoid of its fruits: they possessed no knowledge sent down from Heaven, no law inherited from a prophet, nor were they engaged in the pure rational sciences such as medicine, mathematics, and the like. Their learning was confined to what their native talents produced—poetry and oratory, the genealogies and historical battle-days they had memorized, and whatever they required for their worldly affairs in weather-lore, star-lore, or warfare.