Iqtiḍāʾ al-Ṣirāṭ al-MustaqīmIbn Taimiya

Another view—which is the sounder one—holds that the governing verb is in fact what has already been mentioned. Thus: “Allah has promised the hypocrites [the Fire] just as He promised those before you; He has cursed them as He cursed those before you; and for them is a perpetual punishment like that of those before you.” The kāf may accordingly be taken in the accusative position, though it could also be read in the nominative, yielding: “a punishment like the punishment of those before you.”

On this interpretation, the comparative kāf falls under the influence of two governing elements: either two that both require the accusative, or one that governs in the accusative and another in the nominative. This is akin to their example: “I honoured—and Zayd honoured—[the same person].”

The grammarians, when the two verbs are of the same valency—as in the sentence, “I honoured and bestowed a gift upon Zayd”—have two opinions. The first, upheld by Sībawayh and the Basrans, is that only one of the verbs actually governs the noun, the object of the other being omitted, because they do not allow two separate governors to act on a single object. The second, advanced by al-Farrāʾ and other Kūfans, is that both verbs do in fact govern that one noun; they permit two governing elements to operate on the same object.

(1) Some report that this phrase is absent from manuscript A. (2) Manuscripts C and D, as well as the printed edition, read: “fa-mahalluha nasb,” i.e., “its case should be accusative.” (3) The printed edition reads: “tanazaʿuha” (“it is subject to competing governors”). (4) Concerning the expression “akramtu wa akramanī Zayd” (“I honoured, and Zayd honoured me”): the noun Zayd is governed by two verbs. The first, akramtu, would place it in the accusative as the object, while the second, akramanī, treats it as the subject and therefore requires the nominative. The nominative governor prevails, and the accusative form is obligatorily omitted because the verb in question is outside the two canonical categories introduced by kāna and ẓanna. (5) Manuscripts C and D read: “ka-qawlihim” (“as in their saying”). (6) Sibawayh—ʿAmr b. ʿUthmān b. Qanbar al-Hārithī (by allegiance), whose nickname in Persian means “apple fragrance”—studied grammar under al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad until he surpassed his teacher and became a leading authority. He was the first to systematise Arabic grammar in his work al-Kitāb (The Book of Sibawayh). Born in 148 AH/765 CE, he died in 180 AH/796 CE. See: al-Aʿlām, 5:81, 4th ed.
وقيل (١) - وهو أجود -: بل العامل ما تقدم، أي: وعد الله المنافقين كوعد الذين من قبلكم، ولعنهم كلعن الذين من قبلكم، ولهم عذاب مقيم كالذين من قبلكم أو (٢) محلها نصب، ويجوز أن يكون رفعا، أي: عذاب كعذاب الذين من قبلكم. وحقيقة الأمر على هذا القول: أن الكاف تناولها (٣) عاملان ناصبان، أو ناصب ورافع، من جنس قولهم: أكرمت وأكرمني زيد (٤) والنحويون لهم فيما إذا لم يختلف العامل، كقولك (٥) أكرمت وأعطيت زيدا - قولان: أحدهما: وهو قول سيبويه (٦) وأصحابه: أن العامل في الاسم هو أحدهما وأن الآخر حذف معموله؛ لأنه لا يرى اجتماع عاملين على معمول واحد. والثاني: قول الفراء وغيره من الكوفيين: أن الفعلين عملا في هذا الاسم، وهو يرى أن العاملين يعملان في المعمول الواحد.
(١) وقيل: ساقطة من (أ) . (٢) في (ج د) والمطبوعة: فمحلها نصب. (٣) في المطبوعة: تنازعها. (٤) في قوله: أكرمت وأكرمني زيد. تناوله عاملان، الأول: ناصب وهو أكرمت، على أن زيدا مفعول، والثاني: أكرمني، على أن زيدا هو فاعل الإكرام فغلب عامل الرفع، وحذف المنصوب وجوبا؛ لأن العامل من غير بابي: كان وظن. (٥) في (ج د) : كقولهم. (٦) سيبويه: عمرو بن عثمان بن قنبر الحارثي - بالولاء - يلقب بسيبويه - ومعناها بالفارسية: رائحة التفاح: لزم الخليل بن أحمد فدرس عليه النحو حتى فاقه، فصار إماما من أئمة النحو، فهو أول من بسط هذا العلم، فصنف كتابه: (كتاب سيبويه) ولد عام (١٤٨ هـ) ، وتوفي (١٨٠ هـ) . راجع: الأعلام لللزركلي (٥ / ٨١) ، ط ٤.

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