they are executed; if they kill and seize property, they are executed and crucified; if they seize property without killing, their opposite limbs—the right hand and the left foot—are amputated; and if they merely instill fear on the highway without taking property or killing anyone, they are imprisoned and subjected to discretionary punishment. Whoever repents before being apprehended is exempt from the prescribed ḥudūd, though he must still satisfy all private claims.

Section
If a person is threatened in his life, his property, or his family, and he defends himself and kills the aggressor, he bears no liability. By contrast, a rider is liable for whatever damage his mount causes.

Section
Rebels are to be fought only when three conditions are met: (1) they possess the strength to resist; (2) they have withdrawn from the ruler’s authority; and (3) they invoke a colorable interpretive ground. Their captives are not to be killed, their property is not to be treated as booty, and their wounded are not to be finished off.

Section
Whoever apostatizes from Islam is asked to repent three times; if he repents he is spared, otherwise he is executed. He is neither washed nor prayed over, and he is not buried in Muslims’ cemeteries.

Section
Someone who abandons the prayer falls into two categories: (1) if he does so while denying its obligation, he is treated as an apostate; (2) if he abandons it out of laziness while acknowledging its obligation, he is invited to repent—if he repents and performs the prayer, that suffices, but if not he is executed as a ḥadd, although in all other respects he remains a Muslim.