by men and women alike, namely: iltikāʾ al-khatanayn (the meeting of the two circumcised parts), the emission of semen, and death; and three pertain exclusively to women—ḥayḍ (menstruation), nifās (post-natal bleeding), and wilādah (childbirth).

Section
The obligatory elements of ghusl are three: intention; removing any impurity that may be upon the body; and ensuring that water reaches every strand of hair and the entire skin. Its recommended elements are five: pronouncing the basmalah; performing wuduʾ beforehand; passing the hand over the body; observing muwalāh (unbroken succession); and giving precedence to the right over the left.

Section
The recommended ghusls number seventeen: ghusl al-Jumuʿah (for the Friday prayer); ghusl of the two ʿĪds (the two Festivals); ghusl al-istisqāʾ (for the rain-seeking prayer); ghusl of a lunar eclipse (khusūf); ghusl of a solar eclipse (kusūf); ghusl after washing a corpse; ghusl for a non-Muslim who embraces Islam; ghusl for a madman and for one who has fainted once they regain consciousness; ghusl upon entering into iḥrām; ghusl for entering Mecca; ghusl for standing at ʿArafah; ghusl for spending the night at Muzdalifah; ghusl for stoning the three jamarāt; ghusl for ṭawāf; ghusl for saʿy; and ghusl for entering the city of the Messenger ﷺ.

Section
Wiping over leather socks is permissible under three conditions: that one puts them on after completing full purification; that they cover the portion of the foot that must be washed in wuduʾ; and that they are sturdy enough to allow continuous walking upon them. A resident may wipe for one day and one night, whereas a traveler may wipe for three days and their nights; the period begins the moment one breaks wuduʾ after having donned the socks. If a person wipes while at home and then travels, or wipes while traveling and then settles, he completes the shorter resident’s period. The concession of wiping is nullified by three things: removing the socks, the expiration of the allotted time, and anything that necessitates ghusl.