the prescribed share for a single uterine sibling. Grandmothers are excluded by the mother, and grandfathers are excluded by the father. A uterine sibling is excluded by any of four heirs: a child, a son’s child, the father, or the grandfather. A full brother is excluded by three: the son, the son’s son, and the father. A paternal sibling is excluded by those three as well as by a full brother. Four males render their sisters residuary heirs: the son, the son’s son, the full brother, and the paternal brother. Four categories inherit to the exclusion of their sisters: paternal uncles, the sons of paternal uncles (male cousins), the sons of brothers (nephews), and the agnatic relatives of an emancipating patron.

Section. A testamentary bequest may be made concerning that which is specified or unspecified, presently existent or yet to come into existence. It is taken from one-third of the estate; if it exceeds that portion, its validity depends on the heirs’ approval. A bequest in favor of an heir is invalid unless the remaining heirs consent. Any sane adult may bequeath to any eligible owner or for a cause in the path of Allah. Appointment of an executor is valid for one who combines five qualities: Islam, adulthood, sanity, freedom, and trustworthiness.