Book of Purification
The waters with which purification is permissible are seven: rainwater, sea-water, river-water, well-water, spring-water, snow-water, and hail-water. Water is then divided into four categories:
- Pure in itself and purifying, with no dislike: this is unrestricted water.
- Pure in itself and purifying, yet disliked: water heated by the sun.
- Pure in itself but not purifying: water that has been used, and water whose characteristics have been altered by a pure substance that mixed with it.
- Impure water: water into which filth has fallen while it is less than two qullahs, or water that measures two qullahs but whose characteristics have changed. The two qullahs are, on the soundest view, approximately 500 Iraqi ratls.
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The hides of dead animals are rendered pure by tanning, except the skins of dogs and swine and anything produced from either of them or from both. The bones and hair of a carcass are impure, except those of a human being.
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It is impermissible to use vessels made of gold or silver; it is permissible to use vessels made of any other material.
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Using the tooth-stick is recommended at all times except after noon for a fasting person. It is especially recommended in three situations: when the mouth’s odor changes—whether from silence or otherwise, upon rising from sleep, and upon standing to perform the prayer.
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The obligatory elements of wuduʾ (minor ablution) are six: the intention while washing the face; washing the face; washing the hands including the elbows; wiping a portion of the head; and washing