the opening declaration of consecration, and that he not pray behind a resident imam. A traveler may also combine Zuhr and ʿAsr in the time of whichever of the two he prefers, and Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ in the same manner. A resident who is kept indoors by rain may likewise combine these prayers, but only in the time of the first of each pair.

Section. Friday prayer becomes obligatory when seven prerequisites are met: Islam, puberty, sanity, freedom, maleness, sound health, and residence. Three further conditions govern its valid performance: that the locale be a town or village; that forty people qualified to pray Jumuʿah be present; and that the time remain. If the time expires or any of these conditions is absent, one performs Dhuhr instead. Its integrals are three: two sermons delivered standing with a brief sitting between them, and a two-rakʿah prayer performed in congregation. Its recommended outward etiquettes are four: performing a ritual bath, cleansing the body, wearing white garments, and trimming the nails together with applying perfume. Remaining silent during the sermon is recommended; whoever enters while the imam is preaching should first pray two light rakʿahs and then sit.

Section. The two ʿEid prayers are an emphatically recommended Sunnah. Each consists of two rakʿahs in which seven extra takbirs are pronounced in the first rakʿah in addition to the opening takbir, and five in the second rakʿah besides the takbir said on standing. After the prayer the imam delivers two sermons, pronouncing nine takbirs in the first and seven in the second. The takbir is proclaimed from sunset on the eve of the festival until the imam comes out to lead the prayer, and—during ʿEid al-Adhā—also after every obligatory prayer.