and the philosophers’ calling Him a self-necessitating cause 1 or an efficient cause that acts by nature 2, and the like.
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Describing Him with attributes from which He is utterly exalted and sanctified, such as the vilest among the Jews saying, “He is poor,” or their assertion, “He rested after creating His creation,” or their claim, “The hand of Allah is chained,” and the like. All of this is deviation with respect to His Names and Attributes.
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Stripping the Names of their meanings and denying their realities. This is the view espoused by certain members of the Jahmiyyah and their followers, who allege that they are nothing but bare words carrying neither attributes nor meanings. Hence they ascribe to Him the names “the All-Hearing,” “the All-Seeing,” “the Living,” “the Merciful,” “the Speaker,” and “the One who wills,” yet they insist that He possesses neither life, hearing, sight, speech, nor will that inheres in Him. This is among the gravest forms of deviation—rationally, scripturally, linguistically, and by innate disposition—and it is the mirror opposite of the deviation of the polytheists, for the latter transferred His Names and Attributes to their idols,