—and likewise the expression “one who introduces into it what does not belong to it” 1, and from the same root comes al-multahad (a refuge). The Exalted says, “and you will never find, apart from Him, any refuge” 2—that is, anyone to whom you might turn, flee, seek shelter, or earnestly appeal, inclining toward him instead of toward Allah. The Arabs say talahhada fulān ilā fulān when a person turns to someone else in that way.
Once this is understood, deviation in His Names takes several forms:
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Assigning His Names to idols, as when they called one idol al-Lāt—derived from al-ilāhiyyah—and another al-ʿUzzā—derived from al-ʿAzīz, or when they referred to a statue as ilāh (a god). This is genuine deviation, for they have diverted His Names to their false idols and deities 3.
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Calling Him by names that do not befit His Majesty, such as the Christians’ calling Him “Father”,