Qawāʿid al-Asmāʾ al-ḤusnāIbn al-Qayyim

Fifteenth: Whenever an attribute becomes attached to a given subject, four consequences follow—two verbal and two conceptual.

  1. The verbal consequences are a positive and a negative:
    • The positive is that a name is derived for the subject from that attribute.
    • The negative is that no such derivation is allowed for anyone else.

  2. The conceptual consequences are likewise a positive and a negative:
    • The positive is that the ruling entailed by the attribute reverts to the subject, and one may predicate the attribute of him.
    • The negative is that this ruling does not revert to any other, nor may it be predicated of anyone else.

This⦗1⦘ is a far-reaching principle for understanding the divine names and attributes. Let us illustrate it with a single example—namely⦗2⦘ the attribute of speech. When speech inheres in a locus, that locus alone is the speaker⦗3⦘, whereas anyone in whom it does not inhere is not a speaker⦗4⦘. One predicates the attribute of the former alone and applies its ruling exclusively to him, saying: he said, commanded, forbade, called out, held a private discourse, informed, addressed, spoke, conversed, and so forth.

(1) In the Ṣ manuscript the wording is “wahadhihi” (and this). (2) In the Ṣ manuscript the wording is “wa hiya” (and it is). (3) The printed edition reads: “fa-innahu idha qamat bi-mahall kanat huwa al-takallum” (for when it occurs in a subject, it becomes speech); the B and Kh manuscripts read: “fa-innahu idha qamat bi-mahall kanat huwa al-mutakallim” (…it becomes the speaker). The text adopted here follows the Ṣ manuscript. (4) The B manuscript adds: “duna man lam yaqum bihi” (excluding whoever does not possess it).
الصفة إذا قامت بموصوف لزمها أمور أربعة ... الخامس عشر: أنَّ الصفة متى قامت بموصوفِ لزمها أمورٌ أربعةٌ: أمران لفظيان، وأمران معنويان. فاللفظيان: ثبوتي وسلبي، فالثبوتي: أنْ يشتق للموصوف منها اسمٌ. والسلبي: أنْ يمتنع الاشتقاق لغيره. والمعنويان: ثبوتي وسلبي؛ فالثبوتي: أنْ يعود حكمها إلى الموصوف ويخبر بها عنه. والسلبي أنْ لا يعود حكمها إلى غيره ولا يكون خبرًا عنه. وهي١ قاعدةٌ عظيمةٌ في معرفة الأسماء والصفات، فلنذكر من ذلك مثالاً واحدًا وهو٢ صفةُ الكلام. فإنَّها إذا قامت بمحل كان هو المتكلم٣ دون من لم تقم به٤، وأُخبر عنه بها وعاد حكمها إليه دون غيره، فيقال: قال، وأمر، ونهى، ونادى، وناجى، وأخبر، وخاطب، وتكلم، وكلم، ونحو
١ في (ص) "وهذه". ٢ في (ص) "وهي ". ٣ في (المطبوعة) "فإنه إذا قامت بمحل كانت هو التكلم"وفي (ب) و (خ) "فإنه إذا قامت بمحل كانت هو المتكلم، والمثبت من (ص) . ٤ في (ب) "دون من لم يقم به".

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