and the paying of obligatory alms to them is permissible and takes full legal effect; whoever turns his zakat over to them has met his responsibility, whether the ruler is righteous or wicked.

The Friday prayer performed behind him—or behind any governor he appoints—is valid and complete as two rakaʿāt. Whoever repeats the prayer is an innovator who has abandoned the transmitted reports, opposes the Sunnah, and receives no share of the Friday reward. Anyone who refuses to pray behind the leaders, righteous or impious alike, is contradicting the Sunnah. The correct practice is to pray two rakaʿāt with them; whoever repeats them is an innovator. Hold firmly that the prayer is complete, and let no doubt linger in your heart.

Whoever rebels against the Muslim ruler after the people have united behind him and confirmed his caliphate—whether by free choice or through his having gained mastery by force—has torn apart the community of Muslims and contravened the reports transmitted from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. If such a rebel dies in that state, he dies the death of pre-Islamic ignorance. It is not lawful for anyone to fight the sultan or to rise up against him; whoever does so is an innovator, outside the Sunnah and the right path… 1