to a straight path.⦗1⦘
Thus Allah has made the Book He revealed the judge among people concerning whatever they dispute about.
In Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and other collections it is related from ʿĀʾishah (Allah be pleased with her) that whenever the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, rose to pray at night he would say:
“O Allah, Lord of Gabriel, Michael, and Isrāfīl, Originator of the heavens and the earth, Knower of the unseen and the seen, You judge between Your servants regarding that over which they differ. Guide me, by Your permission, to the truth about that over which they have differed, for You guide whom You will to a straight path.”⦗2⦘
And in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim it is narrated from Tamīm al-Dārī (Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Religion is sincere counsel, religion is sincere counsel, religion is sincere counsel.” They asked, “To whom, O Messenger of Allah?” He replied, “To Allah, to His Book, to His Messenger, and to the leaders of the Muslims.”⦗3⦘
(1) Surah al-Baqarah, verse 213.
(2) Sahih Muslim 1/534; also reported by Ahmad 6/156, Abu Dawud 1/487, Ibn Hibban (al-Ihsan, 6/337), and al-Baghawi in Sharh al-Sunnah 4/71.
(3) The eminent scholar Shaykh ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Sa‘di, may Allah have mercy on him, explains this hadith as follows:
“As for offering nasiha (sincere counsel) to the leaders of the Muslims—meaning everyone in authority, from the supreme ruler (al-sultan al-a‘zam) to governors, judges, and all who hold any post, great or small—their responsibilities are weightier than those of others, and therefore the nasiha owed to them is proportionally greater. It includes: affirming their legitimacy, acknowledging their authority, obeying them in what is right, refraining from rebellion, urging the populace to obey them, adhering to their commands so long as they do not contravene the commands of Allah and His Messenger, and offering whatever counsel one can. One should clarify for them whatever matters they need for the proper care of their subjects, each person according to his ability, and pray for their rectitude and success, for their righteousness brings righteousness to those under them. It also entails avoiding reviling them, disparaging them, or broadcasting their faults, for that causes great harm and corruption. Part of nasiha, then, is to beware of such behavior and to warn others against it.
Whoever observes in them something impermissible should advise them privately, not publicly, with gentleness and language suited to the situation so that the aim is achieved. This is required with everyone, and especially with those in authority; advising them in this manner brings much good and is a sign of truthfulness and sincerity.
Beware, O adviser, lest you spoil your nasiha by boasting to people, saying, ‘I advised them, I told them such-and-such.’ That is a mark of riya (showing off) and a sign of weak ikhlas (sincerity), and it entails other well-known harms.” Al-Riyad al-Nadirah, pp. 49–50.
What he states about the necessity of advising the ruler privately is corroborated by the hadith recorded by Ibn Abi ‘Asim in al-Sunnah 2/507: “Whoever wishes to counsel a ruler should not do so openly; rather, let him take him by the hand and speak to him in private. If the ruler accepts the advice, that is good; if not, he has fulfilled his duty.” The hadith was authenticated by Shaykh al-Albani, may Allah protect him.